Annotations and keywords
COMPATIBILITY TESTS OF THE ELASTOMERIC MATERIAL OF THE REGULATING BODY AND THE LIQUID DIELECTRIC OF A CABLE TERMINATION
Abstract. Many insulation systems consist of materials of different nature. In complex electrical equipment, the insulation of which is exposed to high electrical voltages, there are often several such systems at the same time. In order to verify the performance capability of a complex insulation system, electrical tests are carried out in accordance with the standards. In the process of such tests, not enough attention is always paid to the specific features of joint electrical, thermal or other types of aging of materials and to their consequences. This circumstance is the reason for the electrical equipment manufacturers to look for new approaches to the study of the mutual influence of materials, as well as to find modern and less resource-intensive test methods.
This article is devoted to the approbation of the test procedure used to assess the compatibility of the insulating silicone elastomer of the stress cone and the liquid dielectric of the termination, based on the national standards, and used for a long time at the “Izolyator” plant.
Key words: liquid dielectric, oil impregnated-paper bushing, dielectric loss tangent, acid number, purity class, cast silicone composition
CALCULATION OF STEP RESISTANCES FOR HIGH SPEED LINE
Abstract. A high-speed highway in the design encounters many problems, for which it is necessary to find the best ways. One of these problems is the overheating of the wire of the contact network (CN) when passing through the neutral insert with the current collector raised. The authors propose an insulating connection device of the contact network (ICD CN), which will avoid the occurrence of an electric arc, and, consequently, overheating and subsequent failure of the contact wire.
ICD CN is a set of resistances that change towards the end of the section before the neutral insertion. During the study of various methods of forming step resistances, specific values were obtained for each section of the ICD CN, the total length and number of sections of the ICD CN were calculated. A study of the ICD CN was conducted on the burnout of the contact wire due to the ingress of a large current on the resistances of the ICD CN.
The result of the work was a thermal calculation of the conditions for the destruction of the contact wire due to overheating, which made it possible to find a section with maximum heating and maximum temperature change in each section when moving the rolling stock at different speeds: 100 km/h; 200 km/h; 300 km/h; 400 km/h.
Key words: stepped resistances, insulating interface device, contact network, electric arc, overheating of the contact network
THE RESULTS OF THE EVOLUTION OF THE GENERAL PURPOSE INDUSTRIAL PVC PLASTICS MARKET AT THE END OF 2022
Abstract. The article deals with the current state of the Russian market of general purpose industrial PVC plastics. It is stated that the characteristics of the plastics consumed by the cable plants fail to meet the requirements of GOST 5960–72. The main reason for the situation that is now in evidence is the desire of the cable manufacturers to reduce the production costs. Some specific methods of cost reduction are considered. It is noted that it is necessary to create an effective conformity assessment system as the only barrier excluding the appearance of low-quality products on the market.
Key words: quality, conformity assessment, standards, industrial PVC plastics
EXPERIENCE OF USING ENAMELLED WIRES IN OIL-SUBMERSIBLE CABLE CONSTRUCTIONS
Abstract. The article is concerned with the efficiency of using enamel insulation in the constructions of oil-submersible cables. The use of enamel insulation enhances the reliability, decreases the mass and size characteristics of oil-submersible cables.
Key words: oil-submersible cable, enamel insulation, thermosetting polymer, thermal resistance of cable insulation, cable mass and size characteristics, polyimide-fluoroplastic film
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY: LAWS OF THE GAME
Abstract. The article deals with the issues of patent law practice. An analysis of problem area issues arising in the activities of companies is made. The article contains an overview of methods for protecting the rights of patent holders and other interested parties. An analysis was made of the legitimacy of including patents in national standards and mechanisms for licensing such patents.
Key words: patents, invention, intellectual rights infringement, enforcement, standards, development of standards
MODERN CONCEPT FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF THE WINDING WIRE RELIABILITY
Abstract. The article analyzes the concept of linear defect density in relation to the description and calculation of the reliability of winding wires. Consideration is given to the statistical model based on the concept of linear density of defects, which makes it possible to link the requirement for the coil reliability with the quality of the winding wire from which this coil is wound.
Key words: Key words: reliability of winding wires, reliability (failure-free operation) and safety of winding wires, reliability index, linear density of defects, ageing and technological impacts
CALORIMETRIC MEASUREMENTS OF AC LOSSES OF A 2G HTS TRIAXIAL POWER CABLE WITH A MULTILAYER STRUCTURE
Abstract. Triaxial HTS AC power cables that incorporate three HTS phases wound around a single core within a single cable are considered an optimal solution for low and medium voltage power cables. In order to increase the power transmitted by a triaxial cable while keeping the cable diameter small enough, it is necessary to increase the operating current by using a multilayer structure in each phase of the cable.
This task requires a complicated optimization analysis to ensure the proper current distribution between the phases and the tape layers in each phase. We have recently developed and tested a triaxial cable in which each phase has two layers made of 2G HTS tapes. The cable tests demonstrated that all the parameters coincided with the calculated values. With an outer diameter of ~24 mm, this is the world's most compact triaxial HTS power cable with critical currents up to ~4 kA per phase, manufactured and tested up to date. Measurement of AC losses by a standard digital electrical method turned out to be difficult for this cable. It was due to the problems of taking into account the distribution and phase shift of currents between all layers of the cable simultaneously.
To perform AC loss measurements, we have developed a test set-up for measuring losses by the calorimetric method. In this paper we present the details of the test set-up and the results of calorimetric measurements of AC losses at different frequencies in the triaxial HTS cable with two layers per phase.
Key words: HTS cables, triaxial cable, multilayer cables, calorimetric measurements
TRANSMISSION PARAMETERS AND EFFECT OF A SYMMETRICAL UNSHIELDED FLAME-RETARDANT LAN-CABLE UNDER THE EXPOSURE TO OPEN FLAME
Abstract. The results of experimental studies of the transmission parameters and the effect of a flame-retardant symmetrical LAN-cable under the exposure to open flame are presented. Numerical values of the key transmission parameters degradation are given: insertion attenuation, transient attenuation at the near end and return losses.
It is explained that creation of a full-scale video surveillance and warning system with the direct connection path length of 84 m is possible, provided that the length of the direct flame exposure is limited to 5 m.
Key words: flame-retardant LAN-cable, parameters degradation, transmission and effect parameters
SPECIFIC FEATURES OF CABLES FOR AUTOMATION SYSTEMS
Abstract. Modern industrial enterprises have a four-level management system: the 4th level is the resource planning system, the 3rd level is the production process management system, the 2nd level is the process control system, the 1st level is the field level, the level of primary converters. The communication at the 4th and 3rd levels is carried out via optical cables and cables with copper cores for structured cable networks. The communication at the 2nd level is carried out via cables with copper cores for structured cable networks, and a specialized cable is used to connect the programmable logic controllers.
For the connection of the 1st level objects several increasingly complex automation systems have been developed and used: “current loop 4–20 mA”, “HART protocol”, systems with an information transfer rate of 31.25 Kbit/s, such as “Profibus-PA” and “Foundation™ fieldbus“,“RS-485”, and systems based on the Ethernet technology are being tested.
For the automation systems the “current loop 4–20 mA” and the “HART protocol” the communication is carried out via any low-frequency cables, for the automation systems “Profibus-PA” and “Foundation fieldbus” the communication is carried out via cables operating in the frequency range up to 39 kHz.
For the automation systems “RS-485” the communication with the field devices is carried out via cables operating in the frequency range from 10 MHz to 100 MHz.
For the automation systems based on the Ethernet technology the communication is carried out via cables for structured cable networks of category 5 and higher.
The NPP “Spetskabel” produces copper core cables for all levels of the control system and all automation systems of the 1st level of control.
Key words: four-level control system, connecting cables for automation systems, “current loop 4–20 mA”, “HART protocol”, “Profibus-PA”, “Foundation™ fieldbus”, “RS-485”, Ethernet technology
COMPARATIVE RESULTS OF CORONA RESISTANCE TESTS OF CONVENTIONAL POLYIMIDE-FLUOROPLASTIC FILM AND ITS CORONA-RESISTANT ANALOGUE
Abstract. The article presents comparative experimental data on the corona resistance of the conventional polyimide-fluoroplastic film and its corona-resistant analogue, as well as the wire insulation on their basis. The criterion for comparing the electrical ageing resistance of the two types of insulation is considered.
Key words: polyimide-fluoroplastic film, glass-mica materials, electrical ageing, tensile strength, breakdown voltage
DIELECTRIC STRENGTH OF SIGNAL AND BLOCKING CABLES WITH ALUMINIUM SHEATH
Abstract. In recent years, the intensive development of passenger high-speed and heavy-duty cargo traffic sets higher requirements for the safety and reliability of the transportation process, the development and introduction of advanced technical means and technologies for the infrastructure of the transport system, railway automation and telemechanics. In this regard, higher standards are set for the characteristics of signal and blocking cables. The article presents the results of the study of the dielectric strength of signal and blocking cables.
Key words: signal and blocking cable, external electromagnetic fields, short-term dielectric strength, breakdown voltage, statistical methods
MOVING FORWARD. MEETING OF THE PROFESSIONAL COMMUNITY OF CABLE INDUSTRY SPECIALISTS IN ST. PETERSBURG
Abstract. A review of the reports made at the 82nd general meeting of the Electrocable Association is given. The main results of the activities of the Electrocable Association enterprises in the first half of 2023 are presented. The data on the dynamics of the production of cable product groups by the Electrocable Association companies are shown.
Key words: production output, import substitution of polymers and compounds, WIRE China 2023, professional training of personnel for the cable industry, energy (investment purpose) cables and wires, cords, telecommunication cables and wires, transport cables and wires, cables and wires for machines, equipment and appliances
JSC VNIIKP TESTING CENTER. TESTS: NECESSITY STIPULATED BY SAFETY REQUIREMENTS AND DEVELOPMENT NEEDS
Abstract. The key role of testing, both in the development of new types of products and in quality control of industrially manufactured products, is demonstrated.
The interrelation in test organization between the development of technical documentation, the choice of testing facilities and the skills of personnel required to obtain a reliable result is shown.
The VNIIKP testing center, its technical capabilities and system approach in conducting tests are presented.
A number of specialized tests are considered, including methods of microscopic analysis, conе calorimetry method, evaluation of reliability of cable products.
Key words: tests, reliability of results, accreditation, product quality, test center, system approach, microscopic studies, conе calorimeter, high-voltage tests, reliability, service life
ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS OF HIGH-FREQUENCY COMMUNICATION CABLES. DEVELOPMENT, STANDARDIZATION AND CONTROL ISSUES
Abstract. The article provides an assessment of the current state and prospects for development of symmetrical cables (LAN-cables).
It is noted that currently a domestic system A132 has been developed for measuring electrical parameters of LAN-cables and coaxial cables.
Key words: LAN-cable, coaxial cable, A132 measuring system, operating frequency range
CALCULATION AND MEASUREMENT OF TWO-WIRE CABLE CAPACITY
Abstract. The methods used for calculation and modeling of electrical capacity of two-wire cables, both unshielded and shielded, are compared with the methods of measurements made on cable samples.
Key words: two-wire cables, electrical capacity, calculation, modeling, measurements
PROSPECTS OF CATEGORIES 7 AND 7a CABLES IN PROJECTS OF INFORMATION CABLING NEWORKS CONSTRUCTION IN MODERN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
Abstract. The Shannon capacity of cable channels of various categories is determined and grounds for a more than a three-fold gain of categories 7 and 7a equipment over popular solutions of category 6a are given.
Reasons for the low spread of equipment of categories 7 and 7a are considered and the potential for its demand growth in the near future is noted in view of the beginning of mass introduction of LED lighting, active consolidation points and Wi-Fi access points of the IEEE 802.11ax standard.
Key words: cable channel, crosstalk, cut-off frequency, Shannon capacity
MANUFACTURE OF RUTHERFORD TYPE CABLES BASED ON LOW-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS
Abstract. Due to the high engineering current density, flexibility and mechanical stability, Rutherford-type superconducting cables are widely used in the magnets of modern particle accelerators to create high magnetic fields. One of the main problems in the manufacture of Rutherford -type cables is the degradation of the current-carrying capacity and the decrease in the stability of the superconducting wires. This is largely caused by the increased deformation at the cable edges. Therefore, in the development and manufacture of such cables, certain measures should be taken to reduce the deformation of the wires at the cable edges. On the other hand, to provide the required mechanical properties, the cables must be compacted. The optimization of a balance between limiting wire deformation and the desired compaction of the cable can be achieved empirically by manufacturing and testing prototypes of the cable under development.
The paper presents a brief overview of the methods used in the development of Rutherford-type cables based on NbTi and Nb3Sn superconductors, and also summarizes the experience of their manufacture.
Key words: superconducting cables, niobium-titanium, niobium-tin, Rutherford cable
TRANSITION JOINTS FOR RECONSTRUCTION OF OIL-FILLED HIGH-PRESSURE CABLE SYSTEMS. REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS
Abstract. Different trends are described for modernization of high voltage cable network equipped with high pressure pipe-type oil filled cables. Shortages and advantages of transition joints, used abroad for coupling oil-filled and XLPE-insulated cables are considered. The well-founded technical solution is selected for jointing high pressure pipe-type oil-filled cable XLPE-insulated cable with rated voltage of 110 and 220 kV, based on two transformer or GIS terminations installed in one housing.
Key words: high pressure oil-filled cable system, life time, cable installation, transition joint, three-phase and single-phase joint construction, electric test
INVESTIGATION OF MUTUAL INTERFERENCE AT THE FAR END OF MULTI-PAIR LAN CABLES
Abstract. The article presents the results of investigation of the parameters of mutual influences at the far end of multi-pair LAN cables. The obtained data on the predominant components of mutual influence allow taking measures aimed at the reduction of mutual interference between the cable circuits at the stage of cable designing and manufacture. Based on the conducted investigations, a set of measures related to the multi-pair LAN cable manufacturing technology was developed which ensured the compliance with the requirements for category 5e cables.
Key words: multi-pair LAN cables, parameters of mutual influences, mutual interference at the far end
RUSSIAN-CHINESE ECONOMIC COOPERATION: OPPORTUNITIES AND OBSTACLES IN THE NEW ENVIRONMENT
Abstract. Analysis of Russian-Chinese economic cooperation. A review of the report presented by comrade Wilson Ling, Deputy Director General of the Shanghai Electric Cable Research Institute (SECRI), at the general meeting of the "Electrocable" Association has been done.
Key words: Russian and Chinese cable industry, Shanghai Electric Cable Research Institute (SECRI), Asian Wire & Cable Industrial Cooperation Alliance (AWCCA), export-import operations, cross-border transport network, trade relations between Russia and China
COAXIAL HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS FOR LARGE ELECTROMAGNETIC SYSTEMS
Abstract. For large superconducting electromagnetic systems, for example, for controlled thermonuclear fusion devices, superconductors with currents up to several tens of kiloamperes in fields up to 15 T and at temperatures of 4,2–20 K are required. This paper presents the results of the analysis and development of one of the possible options for such a conductor based on the Russian superconducting tape of the S-Innovation company. It is shown that the conductors of the proposed design, which is relatively easy to manufacture, can be used in the winding of a toroidal field, since they provide the required parameters for future fusion devices, for example, for the planned tokamak of reactor technologies. At the same time, they should not degrade with rapid field changes, due to the aligned inductances of the layers and the uniform distribution of current in the tapes.
Key words: electromagnetic system, high-temperature superconductors, HTS cable, mechanical properties
ALUMINIUM AND ITS ALLOYS FOR THE DOMESTIC CABLE INDUSTRY
Abstract. The article addresses the aluminium and aluminium alloy grades used by the domestic cable industry. The interrelation of the properties of aluminium alloys with their phase composition and heat treatment is shown. Extracts from the normative documents on the technical requirements for various grades of aluminium and its alloys, as well as for rod and wire made of them, are presented. The distinctive properties of aluminium alloys are indicated.
Key words: alloys, grades, chemical composition, impurities, heat treatment, phases, properties, technical requirements, rod, wire
SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMBINED FLEXIBLE CABLES FOR UNDERWATER APPLICATIONS
Abstract. The paper presents the results of the research for the development of a flexible combined high-frequency cable for underwater applications, and for the determination of the transmission parameters (attenuation coefficient and standing-wave ratio) dependence on the effect of multiple rewindings, low and high temperatures, as well as radial hydrostatic pressure up to 9 MPa (90 kgf/cm2).
Key words: combined flexible cable, balanced pairs, coaxial pairs, hydrostatic pressure, attenuation coefficient, voltage standing-wave ratio
THE STUDY AND SELECTION OF SILANE-CROSSLINKABLE POLYMERIC COMPOUNDS AIMED AT THE DEVELOPMENT OF CABLES FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANT APPLICATION WITH EXTENDED SERVICE LIFE
Abstract. The results of comparative tests of selected halogen-free silane-crosslinkable compounds, including the study of thermal ageing of material samples, as well as a set of tests for resistance to environmental conditions under which cables are operated at nuclear power plants, are considered.
It was found that all four selected compounds meet the basic requirement for an extended service life of 60 years. It has also been shown that the materials retain satisfactory mechanical properties after exposure to both gamma radiation and the decontamination solution.
The analysis of the results of comparative tests of materials was carried out, on the basis of which the preferred areas of application of the compounds were determined and samples of cables were manufactured.
The results of tests of cables for resistance to the exposure of special influencing factors inside the NPP containment area (LOCA test) are presented, as part of a set of tests, based on the positive results of which R&D was accepted, the Technical specifications for power and control cables with extended service life for nuclear power plants were developed and approved.
Key words: extended service life, halogen-free silane-crosslinkable compounds, accelerated thermal ageing, cables for nuclear power plants, radiation resistance of polymers
THE USE OF FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY ANALYSIS IN THE INVESTIGATION OF QUALITY AND RELIABILITY OF MEDIUM AND HIGH VOLTAGE POWER CABLES
Abstract. The article describes the experience of using fluorescence microscopy and microspectrofluorimetry (registration of fluorescence spectra with a microscope) in order to solve the following problems: detection and preliminary identification of defects – foreign inclusions in the cross-linked polyethylene cable insulation, detection and quantitative analysis of water treeing in the cross-linked polyethylene and ethylene propylene rubber, distinction of an electrical tree initiating in a water tree, evaluation of the material mechanical degradation degree (microcrack accumulation), diagnostics of the oil-filled cable ageing. A mathematical approach is proposed for the modeling of polymer cable material ageing and degradation in the terms of the electronic spectra evolution described by a partial differential equation similar to the energy equation.
Key words: fluorescence microscopy, microspectrofluorimetry, foreign inclusion, water tree, electrical tree, ethylene propylene rubber, oil-filled cable, thermal ageing, energy equation
STUDY OF OPTICAL MICROCABLE PERFORMANCE UNDER LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO SEAWATER
Abstract. The article presents the results of a study of three different designs of optical microcables for resistance to prolonged exposure to a saline solution that simulates seawater with a salinity of 380 ‰. Graphs of the optical fiber attenuation coefficient dependence on the time of the microcable exposure in the salt solution are given. The photographs of the sheath and optical fiber surfaces, obtained using a microscope six months after the samples were extracted from the saline solution, are presented. The results of the study of the effect of the salt crystals formed during the microcable exposure in the salt solution that were obtained using the Mandelstam-Brillouin forced scattering analyzer are also given. The studies have confirmed the performance capabilities of optical microcables used in seawater.
Key words: optical microcable, optical fiber, seawater, saline, salinity, attenuation coefficient, efficiency, polyacrylate, Mandelstam-Brillouin scattering, deformation
AT THE BEGINNING THERE WAS ELECTRICITY ESSAYS ON THE RUSSIAN CABLE INDUSTRY
Abstract. A historical sketch about the origin of the cable industry in Russia.
Key words: P.L. Schilling's electric telegraph, gutta-percha armoured cable, electric arc phenomenon, "The Main Telegraphic Workshop", "Siemens and Galske Trading House", "Yablochkov candles", "Russian production of insulated conductors of electricity named after the Podobedovs, Lebourde and Co.", "Vladimir Alekseev, P. Vishnyakov and A. Shamshin Partnership "
THE RESULTS OF THE ELECTROCABLE ASSOCIATION ENTERPRISES IN 2022
Abstract. The article is based on the materials of the 81st general meeting of the Electrocable Association members. The main performance results of the Electrocable Association enterprises in 2022 are presented. The relationship between the dynamics of changes in the cable production volumes with the main macroeconomic indicators of the national economy development is shown. The cable industry demonstrated a decline by 2 % against the 2021 year, which is much lower than it had been forecasted before. Information about the production volumes of the main groups of cable products is given.
Key words: industrial production index, dynamics of cable and wire production volumes, production of energy cables and wires, production of connecting wires and cables for machinery, equipment and appliances, production of telecommunication wires and cables, production of wires and cables for transport
DESIGN OPTIMIZATION OF THE RUTHERFORD CABLE FOR THE PANDA DETECTOR OF THE FAIR FACILITY
Abstract. This paper presents the results of design optimization of the 8-strand Rutherford cable for a highly stabilized conductor for the PANDA magnet-detector of the FAIR facility, aimed at maintaining the current-carrying capacity and other characteristics of the initial multifilament superconducting 1.4 mm NbTi/Cu wire during the cable manufacturing process. It is found that the wire used does not withstand deformation during the manufacture of the Rutherford cable with the initially specified parameters, and, therefore, the cable design must be improved. The design was optimized by reducing the transposition angle and increasing the cable width, which made it possible to significantly reduce the deformation in the edge strands. In strands taken from the cables of an optimized design, the degradation of the critical current does not exceed 5 %, and the resistive transition index n, which characterizes the quality of superconducting filaments, remains at the level of the initial wire. Widening of the cable width, which leads to a reduction in deformation during cable compaction from 24 to ~ 10 %, results in the strands RRR increase from 64 to 80–82.
Key words: superconducting cables, niobium-titanium, Rutherford cable, design optimization
CAUSES OF FAILURE OF TERMINATIONS AND JOINTS OF MEDIUM VOLTAGE CABLES
Abstract. The main causes of failure of terminations and joints for medium voltage cables are considered.
Key words: coupling, electric field regulation, electric breakdown, partial discharges, installation errors, medium voltage, termination, joint.
INVESTIGATION OF RESISTANCE TO TRACKING OF INSULATION MATERIALS
Abstract. The article presents the results of a study on the tracking resistance of insulating materials based on polyolefins and other polymers. These materials are used for protective cable sheaths and as protective coatings in electrical engineering. A standardized test method was used to conduct the research. The results obtained made it possible to determine the CTI (comparative tracking index) characterizing the material's resistance to tracking.
Key words: protective shell, insulation, cable, comparative index, tracking
REARRANGEMENT OF TRANSPORT AND LOGISTICS ROUTS UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF SANCTIONS PRESSURE
Abstract. An overview is given of the situation that developed in the market of transport and logistics services during 2022 and how the previously existing logistics chains were restructured. It reports on the prospects for the development of three key transport and logistics corridors under sanctions pressure and the measures taken by the Government of the Russian Federation to implement its approved plans for the development of such corridors. The main factors that will have an impact on the logistics business in 2023 are outlined.
Key words: logistics business, sanctions pressure, transport and logistics corridors, multimodal transportation
ADHESION INDEX RATING OF WINDING WIRES WITH POLIIMIDE-FLUOROPLASTIC FILM INSULATION
Abstract. The article analyzes the factors influencing the adhesion of polyimide-fluoroplastic insulation to the copper conductor, the principles of the adhesion index rating and offers a method for its rating based on the results obtained.
Key words: polyimide-fluoroplastic insulation, adhesion, winding wires
HV AND EHV CABLES AND ACCESSORIES TEST EXPERIENCE
Abstract. The following test results are presented: the 220 kV joint outer protection mechanical test, including static pressure application, thermal cycling in water, d.c. and impulse voltage test; 110 kV termination low temperature test at minus 60 0C; type test of the 500 kV cable with 2500 mm2 and 3000 mm2 copper conductor. In addition the 500 kV cable was subjected to a series of lightning voltage impulses with an amplitude of up to 1850 kV at the conductor temperature of 110–115 0C without breakdown.
The tasks for the nearest future are defined – development of the national standard for HV and EHV cables and the organization of production of materials for HV cable insulation systems in Russia.
Key words: HV and EHV power cable, cable accessories, HV test, XLPE-based insulating materials, quality control, mechanical test, climatic test, national standard
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF THE METHOD FOR PROTECTION AGAINST OPTICAL FIBER MOVEMENT INTO SPLICE CLOSURES DURING SEASONAL TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATIONS
Abstract. The description of the traditional and developed methods for protection from optical fiber movement in optical closures during seasonal temperature variations is represented in paper. The results of experimental testing of the developed methods demonstrating their effectiveness are provided.
Key words: optical fiber, loose tube, optical closure, splice trays, all-dielectric self-supporting cable, climatic test
STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF LONG-TERM OPTICAL CABLE AND FIBER EXPOSURE TO HIGH AND LOW TEMPERATURES
Abstract. The work presents the results of studies of optical fibers and optical cables during and after exposure, including long-term (more than a year), elevated and critically increased temperatures. It also shows the dependence of the attenuation coefficient in cables and fibers on the effect of negative temperatures. The impact on the resistance to these temperatures of the design has been investigated. It has been shown that optical cables and fibers are capable of long-term operation in a wide temperature range.
Key words: optical fiber, protective coating, optical cable, high temperature, low temperature, temperature cycles, attenuation, test, material, sheath
EVALUATION OF THE DIELECTRIC STRENGTH OF FIRE-PERFORMANCE CABLE PROTOTYPES. THE FIRST RESULTS
Abstract. The fire-resistant power cable models were manufactured, containing two overlapping mica tapes of type A or type B and extruded fire-retardant PVC or silane-crosslinked polyethylene insulation. Models were subjected to the following tests:
– determination of short-term dielectric strength at 780 0C by means of application of 1 kV during 1 hour with the subsequent voltage increase at a rate of 150 V/min;
– measurement of electrical «life curve» (for models with crosslinked polyethylene insulation only). Both tests exhibited higher dielectric strength of models containing A-type mica tapes.
Key words: fire resistant cable, model, mica tape, high temperature, dielectric strength, «life curve».
OPTIMIZATION OF MULTILAYER HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTING CABLES FOR DEMAGNETIZATION SYSTEMS
Abstract. The creation of a high-temperature superconducting (HTSC) demagnetization system allows the significant weight savings compared to conventional demagnetization systems based on copper coils. The dominant costs in HTSC systems are the cost of HTSC materials. Since the cable of the demagnetization system works with a slowly changing field and optimization is not required to reduce losses on alternating current, to increase its operating current, you can use the longitudinal magnetic field effect, due to which the current of the HTSC tape in a magnetic field parallel to the current can significantly increase. We carried out optimization of HTSC cables for system windings taking into account the effect of a longitudinal magnetic field. It is shown that this will lead to an additional decrease in the mass of the superconductor. To check the estimates of the mass of the HTSC demagnetization windings, this paper presents the created and tested model of the demagnetization system for small objects.
Key words: HTSC cable, demagnetization, longitudinal magnetic field.
LIFETIME OF OPTICAL CABLES. ANALYSIS. RISKS
Abstract. The traditional indicators (gamma-percent and assigned service life) and criteria (physical and moral wear) of cable durability are considered. A new criterion of durability for optical fiber cables (OC) of the Russian information infrastructure has been introduced - the disproportionate risk of loss of network connectivity. The critical importance of setting parameters of the ultimate state of OC in the normative legal documentation is shown. Theoretical models of the “aging” of optical fibers and cables are presented. Measures to ensure the durability of OC are proposed and a conclusion is drawn on the need to audit OC during operation.
Key words: optical fiber, optical fiber cable, lifetime, limit state, communication network, failure rate, audit.
TRANSITION OF HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTING TAPES TO THE NORMAL STATE UNDER THE EXPOSURE TO MAGNETIC FIELD PULSES
Abstract. The processes of SuperOx second generation high temperature superconducting tapes (2G HTS) transition from the superconducting state to the normal state under the exposure to magnetic field pulses of about 80 msec duration were investigated. During the test a transport current of 81–89 A, close in value to the tape critical current Ic = 83 А, was applied to the superconducting tape at a temperature of 77 K.
Then the HTSC tape was subjected to magnetic field pulses of various amplitudes from 0.25 TL to 1.75 TL with a duration of 80 msec. The influence of the initial transport current value and the amplitude of the applied magnetic field on the HTSC tape transition to the normal state and back to the initial superconducting state was studied. The transition process modelling demonstrated a close agreement of the test data and the calculation results. The obtained data make it possible to solve problems related to the development of high-speed switching devices based on high temperature superconducting tapes designed for operation in superconducting energy storage devices, energy distribution and transmission systems, current limiters and new types of modern transportation.
Key words: high temperature superconductors (HTSC-conductors); HTSC tapes; magnetic field pulses; transition to the normal stateе.
TRIAXIAL CABLE MADE OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS WITH TWO LAYERS PER PHASE
Abstract. Three-phase triaxial high-temperature superconducting power cables have the advantages of compactness, high overall current density and reduced number of superconducting tapes, compared to conventional superconducting cables, where each phase consists of a separate coaxial cable. Earlier, the prototypes of superconducting triaxial cables were developed and tested at VNIIKP, with one layer of high-temperature superconducting tapes of either the first or the second generation in each phase. To increase the power of a triaxial high-temperature superconducting cable, a multi-layer design of each phase is proposed. We developed and tested the prototype triaxial cable with two layers of second-generation high-temperature superconducting tapes in each phase. Optimized cable parameters were determined using numerical simulation. Cable tests at alternating current were carried out at frequencies from ~ 50 to ~ 400 Hz. The paper presents the parameters of the cable and the results of its first tests.
Key words: HTSC-cable; triaxial HTSC-cable.
DEVELOPMENT AND LAUNCHING INTO MANUFACTURE OF HIGH-VOLTAGE BUSHINGS WITH RIN-INSULATION
Abstract. The article deals with the issue of moistening of high-voltage bushing RIN-insulation. Experimental data of frequency dependence of dry and moistened insulation are presented, RIN-insulation nonsusceptibility to moistening is proved by experiments, RIN-insulation manufacturing technology is described, and promising application prospects for bushings with insulation of filled compound are confirmed.
Key words: high-voltage bushing, RIN-insulation, insulation moistening, dielectric loss tangent, high-voltage tests, launching into manufacture, frequency dependence of tgδ.
PROCESSES OF TRANSITION OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTING TAPES INTO THE RESISTIVE STATE UNDER THE EXPOSURE TO SHORT CURRENT PULSES
Abstract. The authors present the results of the processes of 2G high-temperature superconducting tape transition into the resistive state under the exposure to current pulses. The test was carried out with short pulses of 50 to 250 µs duration and pulse rise time of about 1 µs. The pulse amplitude varied within the range of (0,1−3,5) Is from the superconductor critical current value Is. A stable current flow with amplitudes above three-fold critical current without degradation of the superconductor state under pulse current flow was observed. The modes of the superconductor stable transition under pulse current were determined. The test results were analyzed based on the model of dynamic resistance in the current flow mode.
Key words: high-temperature superconductor (HTSC), HTSC-tapes, short current pulses, critical current, transition.
ABOUT THE QUALITY OF FLAME RETARDANT AND LOW SMOKE PVC COMPOUNDS USED IN THE DOMESTIC CABLE INDUSTRY
Abstract. The production development of flame retardant and low smoke PVC compounds and НГ-LS cables is described. The use of these cable versions enabled the improvement of fire safety of cable installations in nuclear power plants, underground railway and manufacturing facilities. It is shown that due to the growing use of cables in all sectors of economy the production output of flame retardant and low smoke PVC compounds increased up to 30 % of the total volume of the applied cable compounds; however, the quality of PVC compounds decreased.
The “Anticounterfeit” committee of the Electrocable Association implements a comprehensive set of measures aimed at stabilizing the quality of PVC compounds. A national normative base for PVC compound production is being formed in the form of GOST R and a “roadmap” for the quality improvement of flame retardant and low smoke PVC compounds and НГ-LS cable versions has been agreed.
Key words: fires in electrical installations, polyvinylchloride compounds, flammability, smoke emission, thermal ageing, roadmap, quality, national standard.
PROBLEMS OF FIGHTING AGAINST PRODUCTION AND USE OF COUNTERFEIT CABLE PRODUCTS
Abstract. The problems of fighting against production and circulation of counterfeit cable products are discussed. The active role of the Electrocable Association in mass revealing of non-compliance and submission of corresponding materials to the government supervisory authorities (Rosstandart, Rosacreditation. Rospotrebnadzor) is shown. The Association proposals are reflected in the documents of the State Commission for combating illegal turnover of industrial products, in the instructions of the RF Government on conducting unscheduled inspections of test centers, certification bodies and cable manufacturers. Agreements for cooperation and inspections with regional authorities were signed.
Key words: cable, counterfeit products, certificate, Electrocable Association.
SUPERCONDUCTING WIRES FOR THE FAIR ACCELERATOR FACILITY FAST-CYCLING MAGNETS
Abstract. This paper presents the stages and results of the development of a new class of low-loss superconducting NbTi wires intended for use in the windings of fast-cycling magnets of the FAIR accelerator, which is currently under construction in Germany at the Helmholtz Center (Darmstadt). The properties of single and double assembly wires in a pure copper matrix are considered, as well as in combined Cu/Cu-Ni and Cu/Cu-Mn matrices. The characteristics of industrially produced wires are presented, on the basis of which model fast-cycling magnets are fabricated.
Key words: FAIR accelerator, fast-cycling magnets, superconducting NbTi wires, low energy losses.
THERMAL AGEING RESISTANCE OF MEDIUM-VOLTAGE CABLES WITH CROSSLINKED POLYETHYLENE INSULATION. TESTS AND INVESTIGATIONS
Abstract. The results are presented of the study of XLPE insulated medium voltage cable thermal ageing. Full scale samples were aged in an oven at 130 0C during one year and then at 150 0C during 1000 hours. The 50 Hz breakdown voltages were measured for cables as manufactured, after 6 months, 12 months and in the end of thermal ageing test period. The decrease of the breakdown voltage Ubr level approximately corresponds to that of the two-year CENELEC wet ageing test. Different working hypotheses related to the mechanism of Ubr decrease are evaluated. Localized thermal oxidation is considered as the most probable process responsible for the Ubr diminishing. The oxidation is concentrated in thin insulation layers adjacent to the semiconducting screens and in the vicinity of microscopic technological defects, such as gels. The quantitative level of thermal oxidation was evaluated by means of Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy.
Key words: medium voltage cable, cross-linked polyethylene, thermal ageing, breakdown voltage, local thermal oxidation, FTIR microspectroscopy.
IMPROVEMENT OF POLYIMIDE-FLUOROPLASTIC FILM INSULATED WINDING WIRE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Abstract. A qualitative model for the calculation of optimal conditions of polyimide-fluoroplastic film insulated winding wire production was developed based on the analysis of the technology components of this complicated process. The model can be used to calculate the key technology details with the description of their impact on the qualitative characteristics of wires and physical and chemical processes taking place during wire production.
Key words: polyimide-fluoroplastic film (PFF), PFF-film processing technology, film-insulated winding wire manufacturing technology, calculation of winding conditions.
BREAKING THE ENERGY BLOCKADE OF LENINGRAD
Abstract. The article provides information about the situation in Leningrad at the beginning of the
blockade in general, and in the energy of the city in particular. The measures taken by the city leadership
and the Leningrad Front to provide it with electricity are described. It is described in detail how underwater cable lines of 10 kV were laid through Ladozhsky Lake for transfer to Leningrad from the Volkhovsky HPP.
Key words: blockade, Leningrad, Volhovskaya HPP, cable, Lenenergo, Ladozhsky Lake, diver, power transmission.
IDENTIFICATION OF THE CAUSE OF FAILURE IN SERVICE AND REMAINING LIFE ASSESSMENT FOR A LOW VOLTAGE POLYETHYLENE INSULATED CABLE
Abstract. The possible origin of the low voltage cable PE insulation cracking is considered; the cable has been 5 years in operation. The analytical methods used are as follows: DSC, FTIR, visual light microscopy, photomicrography, and photomacrography. In addition, insulated conductors were tested in surface- active substance at elevated temperature. The data obtained permit to conclude that neither oxidation, nor rearrangement of supramolecular structure are responsible for premature failure. It is concluded that installation work is the only reason of the damage. The residual life time estimation, based on cracking criteria, equals to 40 years.
Key words: PE insulation, crack, DSC, FTIR, visual microscopy, photomicrography, photo-macrography, oxidation, recrystallization.
PHYSICAL BASIS OF EXPLOSIVE GASEOUS OR DUST ATMOSPHERE EXPLOSION INITIATED BY ELECTRICAL CABLES
Abstract. The formula for calculating the risk of damage caused by an explosion of gas or dust atmosphere in hazardous areas at industrial sites has been examined. The analysis of international electrotechnical vocabularies and regulatory documentation relating to electrical equipment for explosive atmospheres has demonstrated that by assessing the risk of explosion in hazardous areas of industrial production sites, it is important to consider the likelihood of explosions of gas or dust atmospheres caused by electrical cables for external electrical circuits. The physical basis of explosive atmospheres ignition probability during the operation of cables for external electrical circuits has been analyzed and the formula for calculating the risk of damage caused by explosion of gas or dust atmospheres in hazardous areas at industrial sites has been revised, taking into account the probability of an explosion caused by electrical cables for external electrical circuits.
Key words: risk, probability, explosive atmosphere, explosion initiation, electrical cables for external electrical circuits, exhaustive events.
THE NATURE OF CHANGES OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTHS IN THE SURROUNDING OF LOW-VOLTAGE THREE-PHASE CABLES
Abstract. The behavior of magnetic field strengths in the external environment is shown, and the analytical expressions for the determination of their maximum values are given to be used in further estimation of their permissibility under electromagnetic safety and compatibility conditions.
Key words: low-voltage three-phase cables, magnetic field strength, electric power supply system, electromagnetic safety and compatibility.
INSTALLATION OF 500 kV CABLE LINES WITH POLYETHYLENE INSULATED CABLES AT BUREISKAYA HEP, ZAGORSKAYA PSPP, BOGUCHANSKAYA HEP, 500 kV AERIAL CABLE LINE “ZAPADNAYA” SUBSTATION – “OCHAKOVO” SUBSTATION
Abstract. 500 kV cable lines (CL) with polyethylene insulated cables have been installed in Russia since 2004. Designing, installation and testing of such cable lines are associated with some specific features. The article presents the generalized experience of installation of 500 kV cable lines with polyethylene insulated cables at Bureiskaya HEP, Zagorskaya PSPP, Boguchanskaya HEP, 500 kV aerial cable line “Zapadnaya” substation – “Ochakovo” substation.
Key words: 500 kV cable lines, 500 kV polyethylene insulated cables, installation of 500 kV cable lines.
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF 20 and 35 kV HEAT-SHRINKABLE TERMINATIONS AND JOINTS
Abstract. The article presents the basic results of OJSC VNIIKP and JSC “MZEI” joint investigations of materials and design development of accessories for 35 kV XLPE cables.
Consideration is given to the compliance of the developed joints and terminations with the requirements of the state standard and the PAO FGC UES (Federal Grid Company of Unified Energy System) standards.
Key words: terminations; joints; power cable accessories; partial discharges; tracking resistance; climatic tests.
HEAT EXCHANGE IN CABLE PENETRATIONSUNDER A LONG-TERM PERMISSIBLE LOAD CURRENT
Abstract. A mathematical model of heat transfer in cable penetrations under a long-term permissible load current is proposed. A comparison of numerical and experimental values of temperature and time dependences under current load for various structures of cable penetrations is made. Numerical values of temperature fields under a current load for a cable laid in the air, as well as in three typical cable penetrations, are obtained. The regularities of temperature changes in the cable passage structural elements with time are revealed. The most dangerous type of cable penetration is determined, for which the time values of thermal damage to the cable and the occurrence of a short circuit are estimated. Calculations of long-term permissible load currents for samples of the considered cable penetrations are made.
Key words: cable penetrations; cables; fire hazard; electrical safety; heat exchange; long-term permissible load current; numerical modeling.
THE USE OF OPTICAL FIBER SPLITTERS IN TELECOM NETWORKS WITH WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
Abstract. The article deals with the types and parameters of optical fiber splitters which serve as a connecting link for optical cables when the telecom networks are built. An experimental investigation of spectral characteristics of FBT (Fused Biconical Taper) and PLC (Planar Lightwave Circuit) splitters was carried out. The measurement results of planar optical splitters confirm that their characteristics in the 1260–1660 nm spectral range correspond to the recommendations of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). The test results prove that FBT type splitters with certain design parameters also correspond to the ITU recommendations and can be used in wavelength multiplex systems of CWDM, DWDM type and for the construction of passive optical networks (PON).
Key words: optical telecommunication networks; optical fiber; optical splitters; fusion (FBT) optical splitters; passive optical networks (PON); wavelength multiplex systems; spectral characteristics of optical splitters.
INSTALLATION OF 500 kV CABLE LINES WITH POLYETHYLENE INSULATED CABLES AT BUREISKAYA HEP, ZAGORSKAYA PSPP, BOGUCHANSKAYA HEP, 500 kV AERIAL CABLE LINE “ZAPADNAYA” SUBSTATION – “OCHAKOVO” SUBSTATION
Abstract. 500 kV cable lines (CL) with polyethylene insulated cables have been installed in Russia since 2004. Designing, installation and testing of such cable lines are associated with some specific features. The article presents the generalized experience of installation of 500 kV cable lines with polyethylene insulated cables at Bureiskaya HEP, Zagorskaya PSPP, Boguchanskaya HEP, 500 kV aerial cable line “Zapadnaya” substation – “Ochakovo” substation.
Key words: 500 kV cable lines, 500 kV polyethylene insulated cables, installation of 500 kV cable lines.
SEISMIC RESISTANCE OF OPTICAL CABLE LINES
Abstract. This article presents the calculation results of joint oscillations of optical cables suspended on poles. Poles are considered as support beams with distributed parameters, subjected to transverse vibrations under the action of inertia forces during the soil displacement at the attachment point. After the calculation of the system response to the seismic impact in the form of acceleration or soil displacement it was possible to find the amplitudes of displacement and acceleration at the attachment points of optical cables suspended on poles.
Key words: overhead lines of optical communication cables, joint oscillations of conductors and transmission poles, dynamic interaction, vibration frequency calculation.
SPECIFICS OF CABLE INSTALLATION IN STRUCTURED CABLING SYSTEMS
Abstract. The paper addresses the issue of different constructions of cables for structured cabling systems (LAN cables) and RJ-45 connectors of different categories, as well as compatibility of LAN cables and connectors.
Key words: cable for structured cabling systems (LAN cable), structured cabling systems (SCS), installation, connector, RJ-45, TERA.
POTENTIAL INCREASE OF HTSC CABLE CURRENT CARRYING CAPACITY DUE TO THE LONGITUDINAL MAGNETIC FIELD EFFECT
Abstract. This paper analyzes the possibility of using the longitudinal magnetic field effect in cables based on HTS tapes in order to increase their current carrying capacity. Measurements of the critical current anisotropy of HTSC tapes are carried out and optimization calculations of superconducting cables using the influence of a longitudinal magnetic field are performed.
Key words: HTSC cable, HTSC tape, longitudinal magnetic field effect, critical current angular dependences, critical current anisotropy, cable current carrying capacity.
INFLUENCE OF THE CONDUCTOR SURFACE STATE ON THE TRANSMISSION PARAMETERS OF HIGH-FREQUENCY CABLES
Abstract. It is theoretically and experimentally proved that the influence of non-conducting, electrically conducting and semiconducting films, formed on the conductor surface due to potential extreme operation conditions, on the transmission parameters of high-frequency coaxial and symmetrical cables should be taken into account. Necessary explanations are given to confirm the validity of the conclusion and applicability of the calculated dependences used to determine, in particular, the attenuation constant of cables depending on the properties of the conductor surface coating. The results obtained may be used to evaluate changes of the parameters of special cables, including fire-resistant ones, when working in extreme conditions.
Key words: high-frequency coaxial and symmetrical cables, attenuation constant, semiconducting surface layer.
DEVELOPMENT TRENDS OF CABLE INDUSTRY IN SOUTHEASTERN COUNTRIES OF ASIA (Session of the General Assembly of AWCCA 2020)
Abstract. The article presents a review of the session of the General Assembly of the Asian Wire & Cable Industry Cooperation Alliance (AWCCA). The state of the cable industry in China, Malaysia and Indonesia before the coronavirus pandemic, its influence on the industry and the development prospects are discussed.
Key words: cable industry of China, Malaysia and Indonesia, SECRI, General Assembly of AWCCA, Malaysian Cable Manufacturers Association (МСМА), International Copper Association (ICA).
CABLE INDUSTRY UNDER PANDEMIC CONDITIONS. RESULTS OF 2020
Abstract. The main performance results of the Electrocable Association companies in 2020 under the coronavirus pandemic conditions are analyzed. The dynamics of production volumes of the basic cable and wire nomenclature groups is presented.
Key words: dynamics of cable and wire production volumes, energy wire and cable production, OEM wire and cable production, telecommunication wire and cable production, transport wire and cable production.
SPECIFIC DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION OF CABLES FOR THE SPACEWIRE STANDARD
Abstract. The article deals with the results of development of symmetrical twisted-pair cables used for on-board systems, first of all for space distribution systems operating according to the SpaceWire standard. Specific features and unique character of the developed cables are associated with the special combination of their design, applied materials and manufacturing technology. Due to small size and mass per unit length these cables may be used for high-speed and high-stability LVDS systems of differential signal transmission which operate under the critical aerospace conditions on board of aircrafts.
The SpaceWire standard characteristic and basic aspects are presented, the design, critical parameters and principles of measurement of the developed cables are considered, the main production stages and some novel technological operations and equipment used in research and development work are described.
Key words: symmetrical cables, pair twisting, data transmission, aerospace, on-board systems, LVDS (low voltage differential signaling), SpaceWire, technology, jitter.
REVIEW OF PROCEDURES TO OVERCOME SPURIOUS EFFECTS IN THE MEASUREMENT OF RF COMMUNICATION CABLES
Abstract. With the advance of multigigabit data rate communications needed to sustain the ultra-high bandwidth of Internet of things (IoT), the electrical characterization of cables is becoming paramount. These cables must comply with international standards that not only set RF parameter limits but also define measurement procedures.
These measurements can be done either in the frequency or time domain. Using Fourier transformation allows converting from one representation to the other.
Nevertheless, one of the main challenges is to isolate the DUT (Device Under Test), the cable in our case, from the rest of the measurement environment in order to get its intrinsic characteristics. As a matter of fact, the DUT is connected to the ATE (Automatic Test Equipment) via interfaces with their own frequency response that must be removed from the DUT itself. Additionally, at high frequency, the measurement is becoming extremely sensitive to the way the operator is connecting the DUT on the ATE, with parasitic effects that directly impact the accuracy and/or precision of the measurement (repeatability/reproducibility).
Key words: transmission lines, impedance, return loss, vector network analyzer, data cable, S-parameters, S11 – the ratio of the reflected voltage wave to the incident voltage wave.
2020. SITUATION IN THE CABLE INDUSTRY
Abstract. The article highlights the results of the 77th general meeting of the Electrocable Association. A review of the reports made is presented.
Key words: the 77th general meeting of the Electrocable Association, cable industry 2020 performance results, analysis of the Russian optical fiber market, counterfeit cable products.
RUSSIAN ECONOMY IN THE MIRROR OF GLOBAL TRENDS
Abstract. The article examines the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the world economy and the Russian economy. One of the emerging demographic trends is the falling birth rate, which may have a significant impact on the economic growth rates in the future after the end of the pandemic. Closer attention is being observed to the global warming trends, which may intensify the development of renewable energy sources and have a negative effect on the Russian sources of export revenues. Significant changes in the national economic policy become imminent.
The article is based on the report made at the general meeting of Electrocable Association in March 2021, Moscow region.
Key words: coronavirus pandemic, economy, birth rate, renewable energy sources, export revenues, GDP.
DIGITAL ECONOMY AND THE NEED TO MODERNIZE FIBER-OPTIC TRANSMISSION NETWORKS IN RUSSIA DURING THE PERIOD OF 2020-2030
Abstract. Domestic economy is just entering the process of digital transformation which is characterized by a huge growth of data volume and the need to transmit it via telecommunication networks. Some new trends can be understood right today based on the analysis of global experience. The aim of this article is to determine the reasons for the radical change in the requirements for fiber optic backbone networks in the digital economy era and to estimate the necessity of their modernization in Russia during the period up to 2030.
The article is based on the report made at the general meeting of Electrocable Association in March 2021, Moscow region.
Key words: digital economy, data processing center (DPC), fiber optic communication line (FOCL), digital service provider, fiber optic backbone infrastructure, modernization, optical fiber.
OUTSOURCING IS THE MODERN MECHANISM OF CORPORATE DEVELOPMENT!
Abstract. The article deals with the issues of outsourcing in the real sector of economy. The place and role of outsourcing in the corporate development plan is determined, the advantages of outsourcing under the current conditions and the negative aspects of its implementation are shown. The specific features of digitalization in the outsourcing procedures are considered.
Key words: outsourcing, development strategy, optimality of outsourcing functions.
RUSSIAN OIL AND GAS SECTOR ON THE EVE OF THE WORLD ENERGY TRANSITION
Abstract. The Russian oil and gas industry is in a difficult position, experiencing pressure from both the pandemic and the prospects of falling demand for fossil fuels in the face of the world economy transition to carbon-free development. Domestic companies, unlike their foreign counterparts, do not demonstrate readiness for a "green transition". The obvious degradation of quality of the reserves, the fiscal instability, the structural bias in favor of the public sector and Russia's participation in the OPEC+ deal provide no stimuli for the industry revival. The prospects of the gas sector are also doubtful in view of its poor hydrogen development potential.
Key words: oil and gas industry, decarbonization, oil, gas, natural gas well, oil well, hydrogen energy, energy transition.
DEMAGNETIZATION OF FERROMAGNETIC OBJECTS BY A SYSTEM USING CABLES BASED ON HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS
Abstract. Demagnetization is the process of decreasing the magnetization of a ferromagnetic mass by applying an external magnetic field that alternately changes its sign. In many cases, it is required to reduce the magnetization of an object to the values of the Earth's magnetic field. The maximum demagnetizing field generated can be only a few mT (100–200 Gs), but due to the large size of the object (for example, the hull of a ship), a high electric current will need to be applied to create a sufficient magnetic field in the required area. Therefore, currently existing demagnetization systems are multi-ton coils of heavy copper electrical cables. The use of cables based on high-temperature superconductors (HTSC) in demagnetization systems allows significant weight savings compared to demagnetization systems based on copper coils. Our proposed design of the HTSC cable, which takes into account the "effect of the longitudinal magnetic field", makes it possible to further reduce the cost of the HTSC material. This paper presents the results of further optimization of such a cable for demagnetization systems, taking into account the real dependences of the critical current of second-generation HTSC tapes. In addition, the results of an experiment on demagnetizing a model steel object in a model of a system based on HTSC cables designed for demagnetizing small objects are presented.
Key words: HTSC cable, demagnetization, longitudinal magnetic field.
PROSPECTS FOR THE USE OF ALUMINUM WIRES IN THE ON-BOARD CABLE SYSTEM OF A SPACECRAFT
Abstract. The article deals with the practical aspects of the use of new type aluminum wires in the on-board DC harness of the spacecraft power supply system. The results of work on the analysis and adjustment of technological processes for the new type wire installation are presented. Optimal conditions for the production of electrical connections by soldering or mechanical crimping are determined. It is shown that the use of lighter wires to reduce the on-board DC harness weight while retaining the required level of reliability is technically feasible. The quality and reliability of the electrical connections are confirmed by a set of tests simulating the actual operating conditions of the spacecraft in the final orbit.
Key words: on-board DC harness, on-board wires, spacecraft, weight reduction, testing, crimped and soldered electrical connections, reliability.
MODERN SHIPBOARD CABLES
Abstract. In recent times the shipbuilders and designers have been assigned the task of increasing the domestic market share in the global shipbuilding industry. However most of the projects under construction still use cable products that were developed more than 40 years ago, and no longer meet the present-day requirements of world shipbuilding. In order to solve this problem, JSC “SPO “Arktika” has developed and JSC “Expokabel” has introduced mass production of new generation shipboard cables that are direct competitors of the products manufactured by the leading world companies.
Key words: shipbuilding, modern technologies, operation, safety, shipboard electrical equipment, shipboard cables, fire-resistant cables, halogen-free cables, cable products, domestic shipbuilding, technical level, JSC “Expokabel”, modernization, production, customer orientation, efficiency.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE INTRINSIC MAGNETIC FIELD ON THE CURRENT-CARRYING CAPACITY OF MULTI-LAYER DC HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTING CABLES
Abstract. The article presents a study of the influence of the intrinsic magnetic field on the critical current, and, consequently, on the current-carrying capacity of multi-layer DC power cables based on high-temperature superconducting (HTS) tapes. An HTS cable with a four-layer current-carrying element operating at a temperature of 77 K is analyzed in detail. The critical current in each layer of the DC HTS cable is measured, calculations are performed, in which the influence of the intrinsic magnetic field on the total critical current of the cables is taken into account. The expediency of increasing the number of layers in the HTS cable in order to increase their current carrying capacity is analyzed.
Key words: DC HTS cable, cable current-carrying capacity, layers in HTS cable, magnetic field.
INFLUENCE OF IMPURITY ELEMENTS IN THE COPPER WIRE ROD OF JSC “URALELECTROMED” ON ITS ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE
Abstract. In the presented work the influence of impurity elements in the 8-mm КМ М001 copper wire rod of JSC “Uralelectromed” on the specific electrical resistance is estimated. Using the regression analysis method with a high coefficient of determination of 0.98 the authors determined the impact on the electrical resistivity of the following elements in decreasing order: bismuth, cobalt, tin, selenium and antimony. The high purity of copper in the JSC “Uralelectromed” wire rod is shown. The range of impurities in the wire rod is very narrow, which indicates that its chemical composition is stable, the content of impurities (with the exception of specially added oxygen) is below the requirements of GOST R 53803–2010.
It was tentatively determined that in order to obtain the electrical resistivity value of less than 0.01697 Ohms×m×10-6, the chemical composition of the wire rod should contain: selenium – less than 0.27×10-4 %, tellurium – less than 0.07×10-4 %, lead – less than 0.26×10-4 %, antimony – less than 1.65×10-4 %, arsenic – less than 0.54×10-4 %, oxygen – less than 197×10-4 %. Due to the low content of impurities and stable characteristics of the JSC “Uralelectromed” wire rod, it is used for the production of cable products with increased requirements for electrical characteristics (winding wires, micron drawing, etc.).
Key words: electrical resistivity, regression analysis method, content of impurities, copper wire rod, methods of impurity analysis.
NEW STANDARD FOR INSTALLATION CABLES USED FOR ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS IN EXPLOSION HAZARD ZONES
Abstract. The history of development of installation cables is described, starting from their use for fixed inter-instrument installation and ending with modern automation cables designed to collect technological parameters of equipment distributed throughout the industrial production area, and feedback with actuators for the purpose of centralized production management. GOST R 59387-2021 "Installation cables for use in electrical installations in explosion hazardous zones, including for underground mines. General technical specifications" was developed, which contains requirements directly related to installation cables laid in explosive areas.
The paper presents the designs of cables that are used in production areas with hazardous zones where gaseous explosive substances, combustible dust and particles can presumably appear. The requirements are given for cables designed for connection to electrical equipment with various types of explosion protection systems, especially the explosion protection of "spark-proof electric circuit “i" type.
Key words: explosion hazard areas, explosion protection systems, spark-proof electric circuit “i”, installation cables for electrical installations in explosion hazard areas.
DOI 10.52350/2072215Х_2021_5_27
THE INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS FACTORS ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE DIELECTRIC STRENGTH OF THE INNER SURFACE OF A HIGH-VOLTAGE JOINT. (REVIEW)
Abstract. The problem of improving the dielectric strength of insulation systems always remains relevant. The increase of the dielectric strength leads to a number of benefits: reduction of the overall dimensions of the insulation system, decrease of the resources spent on the insulation production, improvement of reliability and stability in nominal or emergency operating modes. The electric insulation system made of a pair of dissimilar materials having different properties and parameters of properties and working together should be studied closely to determine the interaction of the materials in the zone of their contact. Examples of such type insulation systems: the paper-oil insulation of transformer windings or the insulation of cable current-carrying conductors, the insulation of high-voltage leads to gas insulated switchgear comprising SF6 gas and epoxy resin, as well as the reinforced insulation system of cable accessories at the point of contact with the cable insulation.
The problem of improvement of the dielectric strength of the inner surface of a high-voltage joint is under active study, which is confirmed by the number of relevant publications giving consideration to the factors that lead to a breakdown, as well as other aspects that influence the selection of materials and help to provide additional electrical protection of the zone under consideration.
The article gives a review of the cable joint design and the specific installation features that can cause an electric breakdown of the cable joint insulation. The critical zone of the high-voltage joint which is considered to be its weak point is pointed out and the ways to improve the dielectric strength of this zone are shown.
Key words: cable accessories, cable joint, dielectric strength, electric insulation, high-voltage cables, cable materials.
ANALYSIS OF THE OSCILATIONS OF FIBER OPTIC CABLES INSTALLED IN TUNNELS, UNDER SEISMIC IMPACTS TAKING INTO ACCOUNT SPECIFIC CABLE ATTACHMENT ON TRANSMISSION POLES
Abstract. The article presents the calculation results of oscillations of fiber optic cables installed in tunnels and ducts or other confined spaces under seismic impacts.
The cable attachment points subjected to transverse vibrations under the action of inertial forces during earthquakes are considered as different boundary conditions. After the calculation of the optical cable response to the seismic impact the maximum displacement and acceleration amplitudes along the cable length are determined.
Key words: overhead lines of optical communication cables, joint oscillations of conductors and transmission poles, dynamic interaction, vibration frequency calculation.
FUSED FIBER OPTIC SPLITTERS: BICONIC TRANSITIONS
Abstract. The article deals with the geometric parameters of biconic transitions in optical fibers, as well as the dependence of the distribution of optical radiation in biconic transitions of optical fibers complying with specifications G.652D, G.657A1, G.657A2, G.657B3 on the value of the optical fiber stretching.
Key words: optical communication networks, optical fiber, fused optical splitters, biconic optical splitters, biconic transitions in optical fibers.
ANALYSIS OF THE BROADBAND ACCESS TECHNILOGIES BASED ON MULTI-PAIR LAN CABLES AND THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THEM
Abstract. The analysis of broadband access technologies based on multi-pair LAN cables is presented. It is shown that the developed set of measures related to the technology of cable core twisting and application of a screen and a protective polymer sheath makes it possible to ensure the compliance with the norms for the electrical characteristics of transmission and mutual influences of LAN cables that meet the requirements for category 5e.
Key words: multi-pair LAN cables, broadband access, xDSL technology, cable core twisting, twisting machines, screen, JSC “Samara Cable Company”.
CABLE RUBBERS. CURRENT STATE AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS
Abstract. The article describes the milestones of the cable industry development in the USSR, and afterwards in Russia. Consideration is given to the experience of using rubbers in cable constructions and to the development of rubber processing technology in the 20st century at the cable plants. Special attention is devoted to the promising rubber mixing technology with the Sibkabel plant production (Tomsk) taken as an example. Information about the cable rubber consumption volumes and the expected consumption of rubber types used is given.
Key words: cable rubbers, rubber mixing, vulcanization, cable rubber types, insulation, sheath, ethylene propylene rubber.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MEDIUM-VOLTAGE CABLE INSULATIONS BASED ON POLYPROPYLENE, CROSS-LINKED POLYETHYLENE AND ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE RUBBER
Abstract. The comparative data previously obtained by the authors for the properties of medium-voltage (MV) cable insulations based on ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR) and cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) are briefly summarized.
The results of the long-term electrochemical and thermal ageing tests of EPR and XLPE insulated cables are given; it is shown that the XLPE insulation possesses higher residual dielectric strength in both cases.
The second part of this article is focused on the study of three polypropylene-based insulating materials in comparison with the water tree retardant XLPE. The aim of the study is to evaluate the basic properties of the PP insulation in a virgin state, as well as its resistance to electrochemical and thermal ageing. It is shown that the initial values of the PP electrical and mechanical properties are at a high level. However, the PP-compounds are more susceptible to thermal ageing than the XLPE materials. On the whole the tested PP materials also exhibit satisfactory resistance to water treeing, being slightly inferior to XLPE. It is stated that the potential place of the medium-voltage PP insulating systems in the Russian market can be evaluated only after full-scale long-term cable tests for resistance to different forms of ageing are carried out.
Key words: ethylene propylene rubber, water tree retardant cross-linked polyethylene, polypropylene, test, electrochemical ageing, thermal ageing
THE INFLUENCE OF POLYPROPYLENE ADDITION TO POLYETHYLENE INSULATION ON ITS RESISTANCE TO THERMAL OXIDATION
Abstract. The case of abnormally fast oxidation of signal cable polyethylene (PE) insulation during its thermal ageing test is considered. According to the authors’ opinion the presence of small amount of polypropylene (PP) in the material is responsible for this phenomenon – PP initiates and accelerates the PE oxidation. DSC and micro-FTIR have been used as analytical methods. The initial stage of the fast oxidation is localized in the polymer volume. The visually observed areas of highly oxidized PE have dimensions starting from tens of microns.
Key words: polyethylene, polypropylene, oxidation, Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Fourier Transfer Infrared Microspectroscopy
THE DEPENDENCE OF THE POLYMERIZATION DEGREE OF A DOUBLE-LAYER UV-CURABLE PRIMARY PROTECTIVE COATING OF AN OPTICAL FIBER ON THE OPERATING REGIMES OF ITS DRAWING
Abstract. The drawing tower operating regimes are determined for the application of a double-layer primary protective coating from the developed compositions based on UV-curable acrylates, namely: the speed of extraction, the power of UV lamps and the volume of nitrogen supply to them.
Key words: optical fibers, primary coatings, optical fiber drawing, UV-curing
THE REALITY AND MYTHS OF IMPORT SUBSTITUTION IN THE RUSSIAN CABLE INDUSTRY
Abstract. The article deals with the analysis of domestic and imported materials consumption in the cable industry of Russia. It tells about the history of using imported materials in the domestic production. The recent advances in the production of conductor, electrical insulation, construction materials and equipment in Russia are shown. Present day difficulties in the logistics of supply and purchase of materials are noted.
Key words: import substitution, conductor materials, insulation materials, equipment, spare parts, import, domestic producers, raw components, chemical industry, action plan, development of new insulation materials
INCREASING THE BANDWIDTH RATE OF OPTICAL CABLES WITH THE USE OF MULTICHANNEL FIBERS
Abstract. The problem of increasing the throughput of optical cables for infocommunication networks is discussed. The methods and techniques used to increase the efficiency of complex multiplexing of information traffics in fiber optic cables are studied.
The bandwidth rate of fiber optic cables with multichannel multi-core and multimode optical fibers is estimated.
Key words: optical cable, bandwidth rate/throughput, multichannel optical fibers, multi-core fibers, multimode fibers
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TELEPHONE CABLES WITH SKIN-FOAM-SKIN POLYETHYLENE INSULATION IN A WIDE FREQUENCY RANGE
Abstract. The results of experimental studies of transmission parameters and mutual influence of a telephone cable with TPppPng(A)-HF 100×2×0.5 skin-foam-skin polyethylene insulation in the frequency range up to 16 MHz are presented. It is shown that the low-frequency characteristics of the skin-foam-skin insulated cable fully comply with the category 5e LAN cable standards, and the characteristics of mutual interference at the near and far ends are by 10–15 dB higher than the standard values for a Category 3 LAN cable. Recommendations for the cable use are given.
Key words: telephone cable, skin-foam-skin insulation, transmission parameters, characteristics of mutual interference
THE VALUE OF SENSE IS IN INNOVATION AT THE STAGE OF PARADIGM SHIFT
Abstract. The article examines the essence of innovation as a social phenomenon from the viewpoint of its meaning and content as an engineering paradigm which is based on the reflection of various external environment aspects on the conscious activity of the society. The value of the innovation sense is revealed and shown with regard to the value for the customer. A model of meanings and values interrelation is formed, and the evolution of approaches to the innovation models is shown. The article systematizes the challenges and prerequisites for the formation of future innovations, and outlines their logical interrelation. Considerations about the consequences of digitalization are also presented.
Key words: innovation process, conformation, digitalization, commodity economics, utility economics, digital platform, digital flow, subconscious influence